Reinforcement
theory of motivation was proposed by BF Skinner and his associates. It states
that individual’s behaviour is a function of its consequences. It is based on
“law of effect”, i.e, individual’s behaviour with positive consequences tends to
be repeated, but individual’s behaviour with negative consequences tends not to
be repeated.
- Positive Reinforcement-
This implies giving a positive response when
an individual shows positive and required behaviour. For example - Immediately
praising an employee for coming early for job. This will increase probability
of outstanding behaviour occurring again. Reward is a positive reinforce, but
not necessarily. If and only if the employees’ behaviour improves, reward can
said to be a positive reinforcer. Positive reinforcement stimulates occurrence
of a behaviour. It must be noted that more spontaneous is the giving of reward,
the greater reinforcement value it has
- Negative Reinforcement-
This
implies rewarding an employee by removing negative / undesirable consequences.
Both positive and negative reinforcement can be used for increasing desirable /
required behaviour.
- Punishment-
It
implies removing positive consequences so as to lower the probability of
repeating undesirable behaviour in future. In other words, punishment means
applying undesirable consequence for showing undesirable behaviour. For
instance - Suspending an employee for breaking the organizational rules.
Punishment can be equalized by positive reinforcement from alternative source.
It implies absence of
reinforcements. In other words, extinction implies lowering the probability
of undesired behaviour by removing reward for that kind of behaviour. For
instance - if an employee no longer receives praise and admiration for his
good work, he may feel that his behaviour is generating no fruitful
consequence. Extinction may unintentionally lower desirable behaviour.
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1 comments:
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