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| Theory purposed by Douglas McGregor |
Theory X
This
assumes that employees are naturally unmotivated and dislike working, and this
encourages an authoritarian style of management. According to this view,
management must actively intervene to get things done. This style of management
assumes that workers:
·
Dislike
working.
·
Avoid
responsibility and need to be directed.
·
Have
to be controlled, forced, and threatened to deliver what's needed.
·
Need
to be supervised at every step, with controls put in place.
·
Need
to be enticed to produce results; otherwise they have no ambition or incentive
to work.
X-Type
organizations tend to be top heavy, with managers and supervisors required at
every step to control workers. There is little delegation of authority and
control remains firmly centralized.
McGregor
recognized that X-Type workers are in fact usually the minority, and yet in
mass organizations, such as large scale production environment, X Theory
management may be required and can be unavoidable.
Theory Y
This
expounds a participative style of management that is de-centralized. It assumes
that employees are happy to work, are self-motivated and creative, and enjoy
working with greater responsibility. It assumes that workers:
·
Take
responsibility and are motivated to fulfill the goals they are given.
·
Seek
and accept responsibility and do not need much direction.
·
Consider
work as a natural part of life and solve work problems imaginatively.
This
more participative management style tends to be more widely applicable. In
Y-Type organizations, people at lower levels of the organization are involved
in decision making and have more responsibility.
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